Briefly,

As the greatest purveyor of news and information in history, the Internet transcends borders, unites people and empowers the spread of democracy, said Ambassador David A. Gross, U.S. coordinator for international communications and information policy in the Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs at the Department of State.

But, he added, some countries are attempting to use technology to suppress dissent.  “The restriction today [on Internet access] is government created rather than geographically created or even economically created,” Gross told a Washington audience at the American Enterprise Institute on April 11.

Gross said that governments universally claim to have a desire to want more Internet access for their people and that the United States is working bilaterally with governments around the world on creating an environment to promotethe construction of infrastructure and access to information.

“Governments themselves are responsible for control of communications including the Internet within their borders,” Gross said, “but with control comes responsibility.” Legitimate government tools to control the Internet are the rule of law and a progressive regulatory environment, he said.

Regulating the intermediary, however, said Alan Davidson, Washington policy counsel for Internet search engine Google, removes due process.

Davidson said his company, like Microsoft, Yahoo! and Cisco, abides by censorship laws when operating in countries that require them to do so. Google blocks prohibited terms in China and the company does not allow e-mail or blogs that could be viewed as political protest. Yahoo! and Cisco provided the technology to Chinese authorities that identified and put behind bars Chinese journalist Shi Tao in 2005.

“The world is a better place when people have more access and more information,” said Davidson. In that way, the Internet has been a revolutionary force, he said, but targeting Internet service providers to enforce a country’s free speech restrictions raises concerns.

“The United States does a lot to foster the free flow of information,” Gross said. He cited the Global Internet Freedom Task Force, an initiative to work with governments, nongovernmental organizations and the private sector to maximize access to information and minimize efforts to block content, suppress political debate on the Internetor use Internet data to track and prosecute legitimate dissidents.

Link to article…

Emeka Nwandiko writes in New African (March 2006) about the growth of Nollywood (Nigerian Hollywood) and its portrayal of and impact on African culture. Nigerian films are hot in Africa and far cheaper than the American flicks they are displacing.

As the sun sets over Hillbrow in Johannesburg, South Africa,
Phillipine Theledi, her fiancé, and a friend settle down to watch TV.
The watching hour of the soaps has begun, but the 24-year-old police
constable and her guests are not interested in the bizarre goings on in
the Hollywoodstyle soap operas. Instead they get their entertainment
from watching Nigerian (or Nollywood) movies.

"I can’t remember when I last watched a soap," says Theledi, who
started watching Nollywood movies five years ago. Her friend and
colleague-constable, Kgaugelo Motsepe, who began watching Nigerian
films two years ago, says: "Soaps are always the same – you know that
Brooke (of The Bold and The Beautiful) will always marry someone else."
Constable Motsepe adds that she stopped watching Hollywood soaps
because "people just die and come back to life. That’s not reality".

The two policewomen live a couple of doors away from each other at
the high-rise South African Police Service barracks in the densely
populated inner city neighbourhood of Hillbrow, which they patrol.

It was while they were on different patrols in the neighbourhood
that they discovered Nollywood films – almost every second street
corner in Hillbrow has a shop run by a Nigerian whose Nollywood DVD
sales form part of a barber shop or cellphone shop.

On their days off, the two spend their time glued to the TV. This
evening they are watching Keep Us Together. It is trademark Nollywood
fare, and it has their full attention. Motsepe, 22, says she can relate
to the values depicted on the screen. "From these movies, you can see
that Nigerians are very traditional people. They are very religious and
strongly believe that God can help them no matter the odds."
ButTheledi’s fiancé, Cornelius Maphoto, who began watching Nigerian
films not long ago, is not too impressed: "They’re okay," he says, "but
about three-quarters of the films have the same message. They’re
predictable."

Many a plot of a Nollywood film revolves around money and reflects
the psyche of Nigerians: "If you no get monie, you no be person. Ho ha!
(If you don’t have money you’re nobody. Simple and short!)" Nollywood
films reflect the social dynamics that make Nigeria a money-mad
country. The basic formula is a son promises to send money to his
impoverished family before he leaves the village to head for the big
city or country (say London, South Africa, America, etc). Under
pressure to deliver, he gets involved mjuju, waiyo (419 scams), armed
robbery, political assassinations or drug dealing. For female lead
actresses, the roles are a spinster who will only settle for a rich
man. She steals him from his wife, using juju, or falls for a dashing
mugu (419) specialist who turns out to be her worst nightmare.

Often the architects of the diabolical plots end up with nothing. In
their own way, the directors and scriptwriters question Nigerians on
whether the quest for money at all costs is really worth it.

But not all Hollywood films are about the unrelenting quest for
money. There are also love stories such as Keep us Together. The plots
though have a rather familiar theme: son/daughter wants to marry a
woman/man of higher status but because he comes from a tribe/poor
family/socially inferior clan, the woman’s/man’s family frowns upon the
affair.

Nollywood films can be compared to egusi soup (a popular meal eaten
in Nigeria) that is badly cooked. But within the soup, there are some
nutritious morsels in the form of proverbs spoken by Igbos from
southeastern Nigeria: "The chicken that is searching for food in the
rain must be very hungry"- Chukuma scheming, with his younger brother
Greg, on how to get the wealth of their elder brother in the film, The
Price of Love.

"When a lamb plays in the den of a lion, is there any future to
expect?"- Chief Phillips to his daughter whom he wants to dissuade from
marrying the son of his arch rival in the movie, Power Play.

The popular saying at the back of every Nigerian’s mind that fuels
their hopes and ambitions for a better life is uttered by Mama Enyi
about her son’s forbidden affair in Keep Us Together. "Nobody knows
tomorrow".

In fact, Hollywood films have a kitsch feel about them. The poor
technical quality of shots taken indoors gives them their distinct low
budget feel. Scenes that involve actors shouting in anger or crying
loudly often come out as a screeching sound.

Inadequate use of lighting indoors leaves macabre shadows dancing
around actors and the soundtracks of some films often do not correspond
to the scene on view. Added to this gaucheness, are the titles: After
the Fight, Nothing Spoil, Who’s Fault, I Want My Money, The Broken
Plate, Last Billionaire, Dogs Meeting, Hard Lover and My Own Share.

But in spite of their perceived poor technical quality and tacky
titles, Nollywood films are in huge demand. Constables Theledi and
Motsepe each rent up to three Nigerian films a week. And their interest
has caught on with their families as well.

"Emperor" is the owner of a video rental shop at the Mansion Hotel
in Claim Street, Johannesburg. His store, a DVD store-cumbarbershop, is
the largest of the lot in the downtown area. The wall on the left and
centre are crammed (from wall to ceiling) with Nollywood films. He left
Nigeria for South Africa seven years ago and most of his clients are
South Africans, Zimbabweans and Zambians.

His clients say, compared to American films, Nollywood movies
enhance African culture and show that Africans have a rich heritage to
draw from, and give them a sense of dignity and pride.

Apart from their cultural appeal, Nigerian films are also drawing
interest because they are cheaper to hire than Hollywood films. Emperor
rents out a Nollywood film, burned on a double compact disc, at R5 for
three nights – a Hollywood equivalent hired for one evening costs Rl 8.
Despite the low cost of rentals, Emperor, who has a collection of about
4,200 Nollywood films, is able to make a profit. He says if he spends
about R30,000 importing 1,000 Nigerian movies, he can rent out about
100 videos in an average week and make about R700. But the bulk of his
profits come from selling videos for about R60 each.

The genre of Nollywood films in greatest demand is comedy, and it is
easy to understand why. Films featuring Nkem Owoh (Osuofia in London 1
& 2) and the actors Osita Iheme and Chinedu Ikedieze (Lagos Boys 1
& 2 and De Don and De Capo) are always booked out. In the case of
Nkem Owoh, his delivery of punchlines in pidgin (broken) English is
side splitting. The pint-sized Iheme and Ikedieze (their feet barely
touch the floor when they sit on chairs) can deliver a brand of
waiyo-scheming humour to make Leon Schuster’s comic feats seem like a
geriatric on a zimmer-frame.

The Nollywood film industry is primarily geared towards the DVD home
market. It is estimated that there are about 57 million DVD players in
Nigerian households. Home movies took precedence over cinemas when
celluloid films became too expensive to make under the military regimes
that ruled Nigeria in the 1980s. Now that Nigeria is under democratic
rule, on average about 430 movies are made every year, powering an
industry estimated at R300m. A typical Nollywood film will have 50,000
copies dubbed onto VCDs at less than R5 each. It is not clear to what
extent piracy and bootlegs are driving the value of the industry down.
But in the next few months, the script that Nollywood currently acts
out is about to change – dramatically.

According to Brian Pottinger, CEO of Johnnic Communications Africa
Division, an agreement has been signed by Nu Metro Home Entertainment
West Africa for a new distribution chain, starting in Nigeria, with a
VCD and DVD plant to open in October which will make licensed and
quality-made Nollywood films available to markets in Africa and beyond.
The big idea is to ensure that from the licence agreements, revenues
generated will be ploughed back into the industry in the form of
royalties which "will create a sustainable industry in which actors,
producers, directors, distributors and ultimately the consumer
benefits", says Pottinger.

As the storyline on the Nollywood film industry unfolds, perhaps an apt title should be: Nobody Knows Tomorrow.

Link to article…

From the Christian Science Monitor comes a report on the hidden actors in the Google economy:

Jayant Kumar Gandhi, a former software engineer in New Delhi, is one of hundreds of thousands around the world on Google’s shadow payroll.

In his spare time, Mr. Gandhi runs a free computer help website and recently began running ads by Google on his homepage as part of Google Adsense, a program that pays website publishers for advertising space. When visitors click on the ads on Gandhi’s site, Google makes a small profit from the advertiser, and in turn, pays a percentage of that profit to Gandhi.

Such clicks can translate into pennies – or dollars – a day for a Web publisher. "I had no intentions of using it for more than a week," Gandhi says. "I didn’t believe the stories that Adsense paid decent money. I ignored them as a marketing gimmick."

But Gandhi’s Adsense profits have exceeded his wildest dreams. He now earns about $1,000 a month from the program, the same salary he previously earned as a software engineer. His new income has allowed him to leave his job and return to school. "Today I am able to sponsor my higher studies because of Adsense," he says.

Link to article…

More on Google…

After largely ignoring Washington for years, Google is scrambling to match the efforts of competitors like Yahoo and Microsoft.

As lawmakers and regulators begin eyeing its ventures in China and other countries and as its Web surfers worry about the privacy of their online searches, Google is making adjustments that do not fit neatly with its maverick image.

It has begun ramping up its lobbying and legislative operations after largely ignoring Washington for years, in a scramble to match bases long established here by competitors like Yahoo and Microsoft, as well as the deeply entrenched telecommunication companies.

Google has hired politically connected lobbying firms and consultants with ties to Republican leaders like the party chairman, Ken Mehlman; Speaker J. Dennis Hastert; and Senator John McCain; and advisers say the company may set up a fund-raising arm for political donations to candidates. And in a town where Republicans hold the levers of power, Google has begun stockpiling pieces of the party’s machine.

To some, Google is a novice arriving late to the table. To others, the company’s embedding on K Street, which serves as home to many of Washington’s top lobbyists, represents a new and not necessarily welcome sign of sophistication.

Link to article…

Broadband expands in Nigeria:

Nigeria Telecommunications Limited (NITEL), has launched broadband Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), services for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and Private Telecommunication Operators (PTOs), in the country.

Link to article…

Nigerian Communication Commission subscriber data available here.

Mike Jensen writes about the impact of interconnection costs on ICT. Others have suggested SkypeOut rates as a real-world indicator of the impact on the barriers to connectivity noted by Jensen.

The world is still in the middle of a seismic shift in communication architectures as internet-based networks steadily replace the circuit-switched systems that were designed for voice, while rapid innovation continues to throw new technologies into the mix. We are still in a relatively early stage of this evolution, and as a result, internet interconnection issues are complex, fast changing and not well understood.

Link to PDF…

An indicator of the falling costs of telecommunications in Nigeria are rates Skype, a leading Voice over IP provider, charges. These rates for the SkypeOut feature provide a comparative cost against virtually every country by reflecting connection costs associated with each destination. SkypeOut rates to Nigeria dropped in January 2006, reflecting increasing efficiencies and falling barriers. Compared to other African countries, the SkypeOut rate for Nigeria is nearly a third of Kenya’s, less than Zimbabwe, and nearly half that of calling Niger. Overall, the rates are comparable to South Africa with similar differences between mobile and landline destinations .

Link to Skype’s SkypeOut Rates…

Link to article…

CONSULTATION PAPER ON THE INTERCONNECTION RATES BETWEEN MOBILE AND FIXED OPERATORS

Link to article…

Transparency International’s working paper on Access to Information

For democracy to flourish, citizens must beinformed about the operations of their government. This study’s
purpose is to survey existing practices respecting access to
information in the developing countries.

Link to article…

The democraticization of information:

When Google introduced Google Earth, free software that marries satellite and aerial images with mapping capabilities, the company emphasized its usefulness as a teaching and navigation tool, while advertising the pure entertainment value of high-resolution flyover images of the Eiffel Tower, Big Ben and the pyramids.

But since its debut last summer, Google Earth has received attention of an unexpected sort. Officials of several nations have expressed alarm over its detailed display of government buildings, military installations and other important sites within their borders.

India, whose laws sharply restrict satellite and aerial photography, has been particularly outspoken. ”It could severely compromise a country’s security,” V. S. Ramamurthy, secretary in India’s federal Department of Science and Technology, said of Google Earth. And India’s surveyor general, Maj. Gen. M. Gopal Rao, said, ”They ought to have asked us.”

Similar sentiments have surfaced in news reports from other countries. South Korean officials have said they fear that Google Earth lays bare details of military installations. Thai security officials said they intended to ask Google to block images of vulnerable government buildings. And Lt. Gen. Leonid Sazhin, an analyst for the Federal Security Service, the Russian security agency that succeeded the K.G.B., was quoted by Itar-Tass as saying: ”Terrorists don’t need to reconnoiter their target. Now an American company is working for them.”

But there is little they can do, it seems, but protest.

Link to article…

Demonstration of building a low-energy computer lab.

Dot-EDU recently set up a teacher training computer center in rural Uganda, and a brief article appeared in the December DOT-COMments, Low-energy Internet for Education – Where Electricity is a Challenge. Many people contacted the deployment team for more information on the specific technology that we used, and we thought it might be helpful to share some ways in which this effort could be repeated–a sort of technical overview.

For those who did not see the article, dot-EDU is attempting to solve a common problem for rural technology labs. The quality of electricity in these outlying areas can be poor (frequent power cuts, brownouts, surges), and standard equipment does not survive well. Even ordinary uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) wear out quickly. Of course there is the further problem that the lab often remains unusable during the day when power cuts happen.

Link to article…

Briefly,

Targeting the digital divide between the technology haves and haves not, Microsoft today announced it has allocated $8.2 million in grants to fund basic technology and job training in Asia.

Link to article…

An excellent article by Thomas Bleha on ICT in the United States. The state of our internet and telecommunications infrastructure is a complete and utter joke. We are supposed to be happy and greatful for our 3mb service (in reality 2.6mb at best)? And that’s just for download (in good areas and with good ISPs and telecommunications’ "spokes") with a marked decrease in upload (no wonder my outbox seems to hang).

Before Bleha’s article came out, I was talking to the local phone repairman who was working on the wires in my house about the sporadic internet outages I was experiencing. He said a few years ago he and the rest of the repair(wo)men were being trained on fiber optics that were just about to be laid but then the buyout happened and those plans were shelved. Nearly a decade after that buyout and fiber that was about to be laid still isn’t.

In the first three years of the Bush administration, the United States dropped from 4th to 13th place in global rankings of broadband Internet usage. Today, most U.S. homes can access only "basic" broadband, among the slowest, most expensive, and least reliable in the developed world, and the United States has fallen even further behind in mobile-phone-based Internet access. The lag is arguably the result of the Bush administration’s failure to make a priority of developing these networks. In fact, the United States is the only industrialized state without an explicit national policy for promoting broadband. Things changed when the Bush administration took over in 2001 and set new priorities for the country: tax cuts, missile defense, and, months later, the war on terrorism. In the administration’s first three years, President George W. Bush mentioned broadband just twice and only in passing. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) showed little interest in opening home telephone lines to outside competitors to drive down broadband prices and increase demand.

Link to article…

A response to Bleha’s Down to the Wire by Philip J. Weiser, along with a rebuttal by Bleha. Abstract:

Like monetary policy and antitrust regulation, telecommunications policy is a major driver of economic growth rarely debated in public. During the last presidential campaign, for example, issues related to the United States’ technological leadership were either marginalized or ignored altogether. By highlighting the importance of this overlooked topic, Thomas Bleha ("Down to the Wire," May/June 2005) performs an important public service. Unfortunately, in criticizing Washington’s approach to the issue, he misidentifies the challenge and offers a problematic solution.The essence of Bleha’s argument is that under President George W. Bush, the United States dropped "the Internet leadership baton," allowing Japan to "pick it up" and guide broadband innovation.

Link to article…

A study by the International Telecommunications Union on the impact of broadband connectivity on economies.

Does broadband matter to the economy? Numerous studies have focused on whether there is a digital divide, on regulatory impacts and investment incentives, and on the factors influencing where broadband is available. However, given how recently broadband has been adopted, little empirical research has investigated its economic impact. This paper presents estimates of the effect of broadband on a number of indicators of economic activity, including employment, wages, and industry mix, using a cross-sectional panel data set of communities (by zip code) across the United States.

Link to article…